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BIBLIOGRAPHY

This page is comprised of all of the sources that we used to gather our research on the American Labor Movement. 

SOURCES

The dataset used in the project was provided by Digital Humanities Department @ UCLA for the purposes of the DH101 course, a digitization of the original bibliographies published in The American Labor Who’s Who (1925), edited by Solon De Leon. It consists of notable AML leaders’ background: birthdates, birth countries, occupations of their fathers, work addresses, associated political parties and unions, as well as a summarization of their education and leadership positions.

 

In supplement to this, we also used a combination of online resources and literature to gather historical and social context about the American Labor Movement to provide scholarly insights about the era in which the subjects of our data revolves around, focusing on features of immigration and socioeconomic background.

Sources

The Who’s Who dataset was provided in an Excel sheet format downloaded directly from the DH101 CCLE site. In its original form, the dataset required much refining to enable the utilization of digital tools.

 

Being qualitative in nature, the dataset initially contained a multitude of notation inconsistencies, most problematically (1) unstandardized punctuation, which would obstruct tallying totals and text analysis, (2) variable address formats that ranged from ideally mappable street address to vague building names and general city locations, and (3) missing cell information, which could have inevitably resulted from the initial information gathering process in the American Labor Who’s Who or its translation from page to online, both done prior to our team’s handling of the data.

 

In processing, our team utilized OpenRefine and Excel for data cleaning, resolving much of the issues for (1). With later data visualizations in mind, tackling issue (2) required the conversion of the various address formats into latitude and longitudinal coordinates through an online geocoder. Our timeline is built with TimelineJS, running from 1860s-1919 in relation to the brewing of industrialization and the American Labor Movement to World War I, the relevant time period of our research. Additionally, Voyant was used to draw insights through text analysis of particularly information-dense cells. 

 

Missing data, however, required more compromise, as consideration of these unavailable fields requires acknowledgement of the potential data silences they bring and decisive exclusions sometimes required to accomplish a greater overarching analysis. These are to be noted in our narrative for accountability.

        PROCESSING

Processing
PRESENTATION

The web-development platform Wix was chosen by our team in building and designing our project website. It provides free hosting services, features a highly customizable design interface, as well as allows for a mobile version of the site.

Presentation
COMPLETE LIST OF WORKS CITED

  1. Barrett, James R. "Gatekeepers and “Americanizers”: Irish Americans and the Creation 
    of a Multicultural Labor Movement in the United States, 1880s–1920s." In 
    Frontiers of Labor: Comparative Histories of the United States and Australia, edited by PATMORE GREG and STROMQUIST SHELTON, 168-88. Urbana, Chicago; Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctv80c9ks.12.
    Kelley, M. E. J. "Women and the Labor Movement." The North American Review 166, no. 497 
    (1898): 408-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25118980

  2. Braunthal, Alfred. "AMERICAN LABOR UNIONS AND THE WAR." Social Research 
    9, no. 3 (1942): 293-314. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40981881.

  3. Charles Hirschman and Elizabeth Mogford, “Immigration and the American Industrial Revolution from 1880 to 1920,” Social Science Research (Academic Press, April 8, 2009), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X09000398?via=ihub)

  4. "CONCILIATION WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, APRIL 16 TO MAY 15, 1917." Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 4, no. 6 (1917): 1018-021. www.jstor.org/stable/41823471.

  5. History.com Editors, “Labor Movement,” History.com (A&E Television Networks, October 29, 2009), https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/labor)

  6. "IMMIGRATION." Monthly Labor Review 9, no. 2 (1919): 276-79.

  7. Janice Fine, “Community Unions and the Revival of the American Labor Movement,” Politics & Society 33, no. 1 (2005): pp. 153-199, https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329204272553)

  8. “Labor Unions,” Immigration to the United States, accessed December 9, 2019, https://immigrationtounitedstates.org/676-labor-unions.html) 

  9. “Our Labor History Timeline: AFL-CIO,” AFL, accessed December 8, 2019, https://aflcio.org/about-us/history)

  10. Sorokin, Pitirim A., Guy C. Hanna, Celia Israel, Lewis L. McKibben, Mildred Parten, Marion B. Rothem, Mamie Tanquist, and Elmer N. Eddy. “Leaders of Labor and Radical Movements in the United States and Foreign Countries.” American Journal of Sociology 33, no. 3 (1927): 382–411.

  11. “Timeline of U.S. Labor History,” libcom.org, accessed December 8, 2019, https://libcom.org/history/timeline-us-labor-history)

  12. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Industrial Revolution,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., September 4, 2019), https://www.britannica.com/event/Industrial-Revolution)

  13. Vernon M. Briggs Jr., “American Unionism and U.S. Immigration Policy,” CIS.org, accessed December 8, 2019, https://cis.org/Report/American-Unionism-and-US-Immigration-Policy)

14. Whitney, Edson L. "STRIKES." Monthly Labor Review 11, no. 3 (1920): 189-96. www.jstor.org/stable/41825632.

15. “Unions, Workers, and Wages at the Peak of the American Labor Movement | Elsevier Enhanced Reader.” Accessed October 22, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2017.08.003.

Works Cited

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